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猴痘症状可怕如天花 “痘病毒”再成全球焦点

猴痘症状可怕如天花 “痘病毒”再成全球焦点

欧美多国相继出现罕见的猴痘病毒 (Monkeypox) 传染病例，引发人们担忧，“痘病毒”（Poxvirus）更成为全球关注的焦点，担心猴痘病毒可能成为下一个“天花”，或驱使下一个大流行爆发。

何谓痘病毒？

痘病毒是已知的病毒粒子中基因组最大、最复杂，以及宿主范围最广、成员最多的病毒家族，也是动物源性人兽共患病。痘病毒感染人类或动物后，会导致局部或全身化脓性皮肤损害。

最近，世界卫生组织高度关切的“猴痘”即是由动物传播给人类的病毒，与广为人知的天花（Smallpox）可怕症状相似，并与水痘（Chickenpox）、牛痘病毒（Cowpox）同属正痘病毒属。

然而值得关注的是，世卫组织数据显示，天花疫苗对猴痘病毒的有效率达到85%。

天花

天花的病原 —- 天花病毒是正痘病毒属，是最古老也是死亡率最高的人类传染病之一。

这种病毒的特性是能够拦截免疫系统传递的信息，导致人体免疫功能异常，对人体构成不同程度的影响。在疫苗还未出现时，天花致死率高达30%，一般发病后两周就会宣告不治。

另外，天花病毒主要透过空气传播，传染性极强，各种带有病患鼻涕、唾液、皮屑、使用过的东西皆具高度传染力，只要与天花病患接触互动或吸入病毒就会染病。

可怕的是，天花病毒在环境中的存活率极高，潜伏期约12天，症状为发高烧、疲累、剧烈背痛、口腔和咽喉溃疡、脸部、手脚出现红疹，皮肤会从紧绷转为水疱、脓疱，直到情况好转即会结痂，但痊愈后会留下永久性疤痕，即是俗称的“麻子”，“天花”由此得名。

如何治疗

上世纪五十年代，每年约有5000万名天花病患，要有效降低疫情的严重性，所有患者需被隔离，而密切接触者则需接种天花疫苗。

目前，对抗天花主要的方法为疫苗注射。天花疫苗是首个针对传染病研发的疫苗，1796年，英国医生爱德华詹纳发现挤牛奶的少女因从牛只身上得到牛痘，所以不会感染天花后，证实牛痘能对天花病毒产生免疫力。自此，全球开始推行牛痘活体病毒天花疫苗接种，并与一种能够消除副作用的“疫苗免疫球蛋白”(VIG)同用。

1980年，世界卫生组织正式宣布消灭天花，使得天花成为人类史上唯一被根除的疾病，不过911事件爆发后，发生疽炭杆菌邮件攻击，美国疾病管制中心为此将天花列为最可能被使用的生化武器之一。

虽然人们现在已无需定期接种天花疫苗，但疫苗仍继续生产，以作为对抗生物恐怖主义、生化武器战与预防猴痘的用途。

目前仍没有认可的药物治疗天花，惟美国坦佩亚利桑那州立大学研究发现，18世纪后期美洲原住民用于对抗天花的草本植物紫瓶子草（Sarracenia purpurea），得以杀灭痘病毒，遏制天花和痘病毒的复制，使得昔日的民间传说真正踏入科学领域。

如今，虽然天花已被根除，但医学界的每一项新发现皆为应对天花病毒提供另一种可能的治疗方法，也对治愈或降低猴痘等类似痘病毒感染带来了开创性的研究发展。

Chirst Oh

Chirst Oh

Christ Oh is a freelance content provider with more than fourteen years’ experience in print, broadcast, and virtual media. She has frontline and backend experience. She has worked with private as well as national networks, providing content and support. As a graduate of the University Science of Malaysia with a degree in Journalism Christ Oh has brought her evolving perspective, fresh ideals and 21st century energy to our growing network. And we are very happy to have her.

William Brown
Founder

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