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寄生虫感染导致肾损伤 并发症足以致命

寄生虫感染导致肾损伤 并发症足以致命

数年前,捷克一名76岁老妇因为腹部剧烈疼痛出现血尿而紧急送医,医生赫然在她的肾脏和器官附近发现两条分别长达10公分和6公分的肾膨结线虫,当时老妇的其中一个肾脏已被寄生虫啃食干净。

由此可见,寄生虫会直接寄生于人类的肾脏或因寄生虫抗原和人体的免疫反应而导致肾组织损伤,虽然人体寄生虫感染是引起肾脏疾患的少见原因之一,但其并发症足以带来致命伤害。

美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)资料显示,已知的342 种感染人类寄生虫中,有20种和肾脏疾病有关,其中血吸虫、疟原虫、丝虫和利什曼虫对临床或流行病学带来重大影响。

血吸虫病

血吸虫病是由吸虫的蠕虫感染所致,而肾脏是血吸虫感染的重要靶器官,是非洲、南美洲和亚洲严重肾衰竭患者最常见的病因。血吸虫病肾脏受累可导致下尿路病变、免疫介导的肾小球肾炎、肾小管间质性肾炎,和氧化应激介导的肾小管损伤。血吸虫病急性期也会诱发急性肾炎,临床表现有发热、肝脏不适、尿中有蛋白、红细胞、白细胞管型,一些病人明显少尿,或有血尿、水肿。另外,当输尿管梗阻严重时,也会导致梗阻性肾病。

疟原虫

恶性疟、间日疟和三日疟都会引起多种肾脏疾病。恶性疟原虫入侵人体后,因为血管内溶血或重度寄生虫血症,容易诱发急性肾小球肾炎,再来就是急性肾衰。恶性疟肾病临床表现有典型疟疾热型、反复发热或持续低热、浮肿、少尿、血尿等。三日疟肾病则多见于儿童和年轻人群,典型表现为肾病综合征。如果肾衰伴随肾病综合征,短短3至5年就会导致终末期肾衰。

丝虫病

丝虫病由线虫感染,主要入侵淋巴系统,以下肢居多,当丝虫寄生梗阻乳糜池和胸导管时,引起肾丛淋巴回流受阻,容易导致淋巴管破裂。破裂部位多在肾盂、输尿管等处,当淋巴液进入尿液就会发生乳糜尿,如果伴有血管破裂,则会诱发乳糜性血尿。尿路损伤所致的细菌感染会引发肾孟肾炎甚至肾脓肿,如果肾实质严重受压或遭受破坏,则会影响肾脏功能。

利什曼虫病

利什曼病又称黑热病,是利什曼原虫引起的人畜共患病,临床症状为长期反复发热、脾脏肿大、贫血、消瘦、白细胞减少和血清球蛋白增加,也会诱发临床肾病。肾损伤是内脏利什曼病的并发症之一,主要症状为血尿、蛋白尿、电解质紊乱和肾小球滤过率下降,肾脏病理多表现为间质性肾炎和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎。患者如果没有接受治疗,最终将因并发其他疾病而死亡。

寄生虫病最常见的肾脏并发症为肾脏受累、急性肾损伤、肾小球肾炎、肾小管功能障碍、肾功能衰退、肾衰竭等。寄生虫感染引起肾损伤的两大原因为寄生虫在肾脏直接寄生,破坏肾组织,引起局部组织变性坏死;以及因为寄生虫抗原与人体的免疫反应间接导致的肾脏组织损伤。在寄生虫感染所引起的肾病中,后者可能因为自身免疫的原因引起急性大溶血,造成循环衰竭、肾功能衰竭甚至死亡,为此逐渐受到医学界和全球各地人们的关注。

Chirst Oh

Chirst Oh

Christ Oh is a freelance content provider with more than fourteen years’ experience in print, broadcast, and virtual media. She has frontline and backend experience. She has worked with private as well as national networks, providing content and support. As a graduate of the University Science of Malaysia with a degree in Journalism Christ Oh has brought her evolving perspective, fresh ideals and 21st century energy to our growing network. And we are very happy to have her.

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